City limits: what do local-area minimum wages do?
What is this research about and why did you do it?
A rapidly growing number of US cities have decided to set local minimum wages. Are minimum wages set at city level a good idea? This study examines the main trade-offs emerging from the local variation in minimum wage policies looking at the potential distortions in the allocation of labour and businesses across locations (city boundaries) and the opportunity to tailor the policies to the local economic environment. Whilst the implications of minimum wage policies set at the federal or state-level have been studied extensively changes at the city level can potentially have very different implications.
How did you answer this question?
In a first step, we provide descriptive evidence on the evolution of city-level minimum wages over time and the typical characteristics of cities which have instituted minimum wage policies. We also discuss how these characteristics are likely to affect the effectiveness of these policies. Second, we look at the existing evidence on the effects of city-level minimum wage policies and provide our own analysis of the overall impact of these policies on low-wage jobs in the spirit of Cengiz et al. (2019) and Jardim et al. (2017). Apart from employment and wage effects, we also discuss other potential consequences of city-level minimum wage policies for labour markets and consumer prices.
What did you find?
Our descriptive analysis shows that cities passing local minimum wages are typically larger, and that their population has higher overall nominal wages and cost of living. A comparative analysis of the existing evidence on the employment effects of city-level minimum wages shows that moderate increases in the minimum wage have only limited negative effects on employment. Effects on the geographical reallocation of businesses, the entry and exit rates of firms and hours worked also appear to be of minor significance. On the contrary, we find that moderate changes in consumer prices and reduced worker turnover are likely to be channels of adjustment in response to city-level minimum wages.
What implications does this have for the research on wealth concentration or economic inequality?
Case studies focusing on minimum wage changes in one city only may be contaminated by other shocks (e.g. local economic booms and busts). We therefore provide an overall assessment of the city-level minimum wage changes instituted as of 2018. Our findings suggest that city-level minimum wages have increased wages for the bottom-quartile of the wage distribution without substantially affecting employment probabilities. Higher consumer prices are mainly borne by middle and higher-income consumers. Our findings highlight the importance of studying how local policies affect economic inequality.
The figure shows the bin-by-bin employment changes from our regression analysis exploiting 21 city-level minimum wage changes between 2012 and 2018. The blue bars show, for each wage bin, the estimated average employment change in that bin relative to the total employment in the city in 2012. The error bars show the 95 percent confidence intervals. The red line shows the running sum of employment changes up to the wage bin to which it corresponds. The regression controls for 2012 values of cost of living, employment to population ratio, average wage, wage percentiles, shares of employment below wage cutoffs, and 1-digit level sectoral shares. Results are weighted by the population size of the city.
What are the next steps in your agenda?
Our aim is to better understand the welfare effects of city-level minimum wages. Welfare implications could arise, for example, from the reallocation of businesses from the city centre to more disadvantaged areas or the effects that these local policies have on rental and housing prices.
Citation and related resources
This paper can be cited as: Dube, A. and Lindner, A. 2021. 'City limits: what do local-area minimum wages do?' Journal of Economic Perspectives, 35(1), pp: 27-50.
Related literature:
- Cengiz, D., Dube, A., Lindner, A. and Zipperer, B. 2019. 'The effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs.' The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134(3), pp: 1405-54.
- Jardim, E., Long, M. C., Plotnick, R., Van Inwegen, E., Vigdor, J. and Wething H. 2022. 'Minimum wage increases and low-wage employment: evidence from Seattle.' American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 14(20, pp: 263-314.
